The Ionic Product of Water pH of water An equilibrium exists in water where few water molecules dissociate into proton and hydroxide ions H2O(l) ? H+(aq) + OH-(aq) The equilibrium constant for this...
Interpreting pH The pH scale is a numerical scale that shows how?acidic?or?alkaline?a solution is The values on the pH scale go from 0-14 (extremely acidic substances have values of below 0) All ac...
pH & [H?] The acidity of an aqueous solution depends on the number of?H+?(H3O+) ions in solution The?pH?is defined as: where [H+] is the concentration of H+?in mol dm–3 The pH scale is a logari...
Acid-Base Titrations The steps involved in performing a?titration?and?titration calculation?are outlined in?Topic 1.2.9 Titrations Acid-base titrations?follow the same steps and are used to find th...
Neutralization A neutralisation reaction is one in which an acid (pH <7) and a base/alkali (pH >7) react together to form water (pH = 7) and a salt The proton of the acid reacts with the hydr...
Characteristic Reactions of Acids Metals and acids The typical reaction of a metal and an acid can be summarized as acid + metal ?→? salt + hydrogen For example: 2HCl (aq)?????? +? ????Zn (s)??→???...
Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs A?Br?nsted-Lowry acid?is a species that can donate a proton A?Br?nsted-Lowry base?is a species that can accept a proton In a reaction equilibrium the products are formed a...
Br?nsted–Lowry Acids & Bases The Br?nsted-Lowry Theory?defines acids and bases in terms of proton transfer between chemical compounds A?Br?nsted-Lowry acid?is a species that?gives away?a?proton...
Catalysts & Equilibrium Changes in concentration If all other conditions stay the same, the equilibrium constant?Kc?is?not affected?by any changes in concentration of the reactants or products ...
Le Chatelier's Principle Position of the equilibrium The?position of the equilibrium?refers to the relative amounts of products and reactants in an equilibrium mixture. When the position of equilib...
The Reaction Quotient The?reaction quotient,?Q, is the ratio of products and reactants for a reaction that has?NOT?yet reached equilibrium The expression for?Q?is very similar to?Kc: It is a useful...
Equilibrium Constant Relationships In the previous section we saw that the concentrations of the substances are raised to the?power of the coefficients?from the balanced equation This means the?Kc?...
