有些同學(xué)可能聽(tīng)過(guò)這樣一種說(shuō)法:英文里,并列連詞(Coordinating conjunctions)是不能出現(xiàn)在句子開(kāi)頭的。說(shuō)的簡(jiǎn)單一點(diǎn),就是But/And/So不能在句首出現(xiàn),應(yīng)該替換為However/Additionally/Therefore。因?yàn)檫B詞要前后連接2套主謂賓,如果在句首是連詞,無(wú)法滿足連接2套主謂賓的要求。但是,我們又會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),在GRE和TOEFL閱讀中,But和And在句首出現(xiàn)的情況并不少見(jiàn)。
今天我們用TOEFL Official Guide中的Writer’s Handbook for English Language Learners一章的內(nèi)容,為大家回答“寫作中,But/And/So用在句首到底對(duì)不對(duì)?”
ETS官方結(jié)論如下:
① 并列連詞在句子中(In the middle of a sentence)可以有效地將思想連接在一起。(在句中,but/and/so沒(méi)有問(wèn)題。)
② 但是,在學(xué)術(shù)寫作中,盡量避免將它們用在句首(Try to avoid using them to begin sentences)。(在句首,But/And/So盡量不要使用。)
當(dāng)然,ETS在得出結(jié)論之前進(jìn)行了論述:并列連詞用在句首是可以的,但是過(guò)多使用(Overuse),會(huì)讓文章支離破碎(Choppy)。
大家可以對(duì)比下面兩段話:
【段落1】Baseball is the great American sport. And, it is thought of as a summer pasttime. So as soon as the weather turns warm, all the neighborhood kids find a field to toss a ball around. And soon they form teams and play each other.
【段落2】Baseball, the great American sport, is thought of as a summer pasttime. As soon as the weather turns warm, all the neighborhood kids find a field to toss a ball around. Soon, they form teams and play each other.
在去掉【段落1】句首的并列連詞后,文章變得更加連貫和清爽。
至于GRE和TOEFL考試中句首出現(xiàn)的But/And/So,通常是下面的情況:前一句話過(guò)長(zhǎng),中間用句號(hào)斷開(kāi),后面用But/And/So開(kāi)頭,這會(huì)讓句子變得清楚。比如線下325課程中出現(xiàn)的一個(gè)小段落:
These?researchers?also?claim?that?improvements?of?memory?overnight?can?be?explained?by?the? mere? passage?of?time,?rather?than?attributed?to? sleep.?But?recent?studies?of?memory?performance?after?sleep?—?including?one?demonstrating?that? sleep?stabilizes?declarative?memories?from?future?interference caused?by?mental?activity?during? wakefulness?— make?this?claim?unsustainable.? Certainly?there?are memory?consolidation processes? that occur across periods of wakefulness, some of which neither? depend on nor are enhanced by sleep.
第一句其實(shí)是讓步語(yǔ)氣,而第二句是轉(zhuǎn)折。本來(lái)這兩句話應(yīng)該連在一起,中間由but連接。但是But引導(dǎo)的句子實(shí)在太長(zhǎng),于是就改成But單獨(dú)引導(dǎo)一句話了。ETS寫句子的能力要遠(yuǎn)比我們強(qiáng)的多的多。
為了照顧我們,在一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句之后,接一個(gè)句首是But/And/So的句子,讀起來(lái)更容易理解。但是,我們自己寫不了那么長(zhǎng)的句子,就不要在句首用But/And/So了。
總結(jié)一下:
① 我們?cè)趯懽鞯臅r(shí)候,盡量避免But/And/So在句首使用。
② 如果But/And/So前面的句子短,我們可以改成小寫的“but”, “and”和“so”。
③ 如果But/And/So前面的句子長(zhǎng),我們可以用However,Additionally和Therefore來(lái)替換。
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