• When bonds are broken or made?enthalpy changes?take place
  • A chemical bond is a force of attraction between two atoms
  • Breaking the bond requires the input of energy it is therefore an?endothermic?process
• The energy change required to break the bond depends on the atoms that form the bond
  • The energy required to break a particular bond is called the?bond dissociation enthalpy
  • This is usually just shortened to?bond enthalpy?or?bond energy
• Bond formation is the opposite of bond breaking and so energy is released when bonds are formed
  • It is therefore an?exothermic?process

To break bonds energy is required from the surroundings and to make new bonds energy is released from the reaction to the surroundings

• The amount of energy released when a particular bond is formed has the same magnitude as the energy taken in when the bond is broken but has the opposite sign

Overall enthalpy changes

• If more energy is released when new bonds are formed than energy is required to break bonds, the reaction is?exothermic
  • The products are?more stable?than the reactants
• If more energy is required to break bonds than energy is released when new bonds are formed, the reaction is?endothermic
  • The products are?less stable?than the reactants
• The relationship between bond breaking and bond making can be shown graphically like this:

Bond enthalpy profiles

Average bond energy

• Bond energies are affected by other atoms in the molecule (the environment)
• Therefore, an average of a number of the?same type of bond?but in different environments is calculated
• This bond energy is known as the?average bond energy and is defined as

'The energy needed to break one mole of bonds in a gaseous molecule averaged over similar compounds'

Average bond enthalpy of C-H in methane

• The?average bond enthalpy?of C-H is found by taking the?bond dissociation enthalpy?for the whole molecule and dividing it by the number of C-H bonds
• The first C-H bond is easier to break than the second as the remaining hydrogens are pulled more closely to the carbon
• However, since it is impossible to measure the energy of each C-H bond an average is taken
• This value is also compared with a range of similar compounds to obtain an accepted value for the?average bond enthalpy