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Edexcel A Level Economics A:復習筆記1.2.5 Elasticity of Supply

Category: A-level課程, 教材筆記, 福利干貨 Date: 2022年9月26日下午3:46

Price Elasticity of Supply (PES)

The?law of supply?states that when there is an increase in price (ceteris paribus), producers will increase the quantity supplied and vice versa
- Economists are interested?by how much?the?quantity supplied will increase

Price elasticity of supply?(PES)?reveals how?responsive?the change in?quantity supplied?is to a change in?price
- The responsiveness is different for different types of products

Calculation of PES

PES can be calculated using the following formula

To calculate a % change, use the following formula

Worked Example

In recent months, the?price of avocados?has increased from ￡0.90 to ￡1.45.?Bewdley Farm Shop?in the Severn valley have sought to?maximise their profits?by increasing the?quantity supplied?to market. They have been able to increase sales from 110 units a week to 120 units a week. Calculate the?PES of avocados?and explain one reason for the value

Step 1:? Calculate the % change in QS

? ?

Step 2: Calculate the % change in P

Step 3: Insert the above values in the PES formula

Step 4: Explain one reason for the value

The PES value of 0.15 indicates that?avocados are very price inelastic in supply. Even with a significant increase in price, suppliers are?unable to supply more?likely due to the time it takes to grow additional avocados

Exam Tip

When doing?elasticity calculations?make sure that your final answer is?not?expressed as a?percentage. This is a common error and loses marks.

Interpreting PES Values

The Values of PES Vary From 0 To Infinity (∞) & They Are Classified As Follows

Value	Name	Explanation
0	?Perfectly Inelastic	?The QS is?completely unresponsive?to a change in P (e.g. fixed number of seats in a theatre)
0→1	Relatively Inelastic	The %??in QS is?less than?proportional to the %??in P (e.g agricultural products)
1→?∞	Relatively Elastic	The %??in QS is?more than?proportional to the %??in P (e.g t-shirts)
∞	Perfectly Elastic	The %??in QS will?fall to zero?with any %??in P. However, supply is unlimited at a particular price. This is a very theoretical scenario but is evident when examining international trade diagrams

Factors That Influence the PES

Some products are more responsive to changes in prices than other products
The factors that determine the responsiveness are called the?determinants of PES?and include:

Mobility of the factors of production:?if producers can quickly switch their resources?between products, then the PES will be more elastic. For example, if prices of hiking boots increase and shoe manufacturers can switch resources from producing trainers to boots, then boots will be?price elastic in supply
Availability of raw materials:?if raw materials are scarce then?PES will be low?(inelastic). If they are abundant, PES will be?higher?(elastic)
Ability to store goods:?if products can be easily stored then?PES will be higher?(elastic) as producers can quickly increase supply (for example, tinned food products). An inability to store products results in?lower PES?(inelastic)
Spare capacity:?if prices increase for a product and there is capacity to produce more in the factories that make those products, then supply will be?elastic. If there is?no spare capacity?to increase production, then supply will be?inelastic
Time period:?In the?short run, producers may find it harder to respond to an increase in prices as it?takes time to produce?the product (e.g., avocados). However, in the?long run?they can change any of their factors of production so as to?produce more

Exam Tip

Many students?confuse PES with PED?and inadvertently answer questions using?knowledge from PED. When faced with?PES questions, tell yourself to?think like a producer?(and not a consumer!) and it will help you to stay focused on providing the correct answer.

Distinction Between Short-run & Long-run

The?resources?used in production are called?factors of production
All four factors of production are required to produce any good/service
- Land:?non man made resources used in production (e.g. coal)
- Capital:?man made resources used in production (e.g. MRI machine or fertiliser)
- Labour:?people involved in the production process
- Entrepreneurship:?the individual(s) involved in organising the other factors of production
Economists differentiate between the?short-run?and the?long-run periods?of production and these definitions relate to the factors of production. It is?not a physical period of time
- Short-run?is any period of time in which?at least one factor of production is fixed?and this is a limiting factor. For example, Lego may be able to vary all factors of production in the short-run, except for the number of factories?(capital)?that they have
- Long-run?is any period of time in which?all the factors of production are variable?(it is also called the planning stage). Producers are able to?vary all of their resources?so as to respond to changing market conditions. For example, Lego could?build a new factory?so as to take advantage of higher prices or greater demand