I. Basic economic concepts (8–12%)
Scarcity:稀缺性
Choice:選擇
opportunity costs:機會成本
Production possibilities curve:生產(chǎn)可能性曲線
Production possibilities frontier:生產(chǎn)可能性邊界(與生產(chǎn)可能性曲線相同)
Comparative advantage:相對比較優(yōu)勢
absolute advantage:絕對比較優(yōu)勢
specialization:分工
exchange:交換
Demand:需求
Supply:供給
market equilibrium:市場均衡
business cycle:經(jīng)濟周期
unemployment:失業(yè)
inflation:通貨膨脹
growth:增長
II. Measurement of Economic Performance (12–16%)
National income accounts:國民收入賬戶
Circular flow:經(jīng)濟循環(huán)
Gross domestic product:國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值(GDP)
Real gross domestic product:實際GDP
Nominal gross domestic product:名義GDP
Price indices 價格指數(shù)
Nominal:名義的
real:實際的
Natural rate of unemployment:自然失業(yè)率
III. National Income and Price Determination (10–15%) 國民收入與價格決定
Aggregate demand:總需求
Multiplier:乘數(shù)效應(yīng)
crowding-out effects:擠出效應(yīng)
Aggregate supply:總供給
Short-run:短期
long-run:長期
Sticky:黏性
Flexible:自由伸縮性
Stagflation:滯脹
Actual output:實際產(chǎn)出
full-employment:充分就業(yè)產(chǎn)出
Economic fluctuations:經(jīng)濟波動
IV. Financial Sector (15–20%)
Money:貨幣
stock:股票
bond:債券
Bank:銀行
financial markets:金融市場
Time value of money:貨幣的時間價值
money supply:貨幣供給
Money demand:貨幣需求
creation of money:貨幣的創(chuàng)造
Money market:貨幣市場
Loanable funds market 可貸資金市場
Policy:政策工具
Quantity theory of money:貨幣數(shù)量論
Real interest rate:實際利率
nominal rate:名義利率
V. Inflation, Unemployment, and Stabilization Policies (20–30%) 通貨膨脹、失業(yè)與穩(wěn)定政策
Fiscal policy:財政政策
Monetary policy:貨幣政策
Government deficits:財政赤字
Government debt:政府債務(wù)
Demand-pull inflation:需求拉動型通貨膨脹
Cost-push inflation:成本推動型通貨膨脹
The Phillips curve:菲利普斯曲線
Expectations:期望(預(yù)期)
VI. Economic Growth and Productivity (5–10%) 經(jīng)濟增長與生產(chǎn)率
human capital:人力資本投資
Investment in human capital:人力資本投資
Investment in physical capital:物質(zhì)資本投資
Research and development:研發(fā)
technological progress:技術(shù)進步
VII. Open Economy: International Trade and Finance (10–15%) 開放經(jīng)濟,國際貿(mào)易與國際金融(資本)
Balance of payments accounts:收支賬戶平衡
Balance of trade:貿(mào)易平衡
Current account:經(jīng)常賬戶
Capital account:資本賬戶
Foreign exchange market:外匯市場
Exchange rate:匯率
Currency appreciation:貨幣升值
Currency depreciation:貨幣貶值
Net export:凈出口
capital flows:資本流動
Profit:利潤
Accounting profit:會計利潤
Economic profit:經(jīng)濟利潤
Hyperinflation:惡性通貨膨脹
Depreciation:折舊
Depreciation rate:折舊率
Automatic stabilizers:自動穩(wěn)定器
Propensity to consume:消費傾向
Average propensity to consume:平均消費傾向
Marginal propensity to consume:邊際消費傾向
Budget:預(yù)算
Budget constraints:預(yù)算制約
Budget surpluses:預(yù)算盈余
Budget deficits:預(yù)算赤字
Balance sheet:資產(chǎn)負債表
Base-year prices:基年價格
100-percent-reserve:百分之百準備金
Closed economies:封閉經(jīng)濟
Open economies:開放經(jīng)濟
GDP deflator:GDP平減指數(shù)
CPI:消費者價格指數(shù)
Shock:沖擊
Discounting:折現(xiàn)
Discounting rate:折現(xiàn)率
Present value:現(xiàn)值
Discouraged workers:喪失信心的工人
Disposable income:可支配收入
Disposable personal income:個人可支配收入
Economic fluctuation:經(jīng)濟波動
Keynesian cross:凱恩斯交叉圖
Expenditures:支出
Actual expenditures:實際支出
Planned expenditure:計劃支出
Excess reserves:超額準備金
Fixed exchange rates:固定匯率
Floating exchange rates:浮動匯率
Factor prices:要素價格
Factors of production:生產(chǎn)要素
Federal reserve:美國聯(lián)邦儲備委員會
Fiat money:法定貨幣
Fisher equation:費雪方程式
Fisher effect:費雪效應(yīng)
Structural unemployment:結(jié)構(gòu)性失業(yè)
Seasonally unemployment:季節(jié)性失業(yè)
Cyclically unemployment:周期性失業(yè)
Frictional unemployment:摩擦性失業(yè)
Full-employment:充分就業(yè)
Inflation tax:通貨膨脹稅
Inventories:存貨
Inventory investment:存貨投資
Labor:勞動
Labor productivity:勞動生產(chǎn)率
Marginal product:邊際產(chǎn)量
Market clearing:市場出清
Shoe-leather cost:鞋底成本
Menu cost:菜單成本
Monetary base:基礎(chǔ)貨幣
Contractionary:緊縮性
Net capital outflow:資本凈流出
Net foreign investment:國外凈投資
Production function:生產(chǎn)函數(shù)
Purchases:購買
Recession:衰退
Reserve requirement:法定準備率
Stabilization:穩(wěn)定
Stabilization policy:穩(wěn)定政策
Stocks:股票;存量
Surplus:盈余
Shortage:短缺
Underground economy:地下經(jīng)濟
Great Depression:大蕭條
Value added:增加值
Velocity of money:貨幣流通速度
Wage rigidity:工資剛性
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