Vanadium Oxidation States Vanadium Oxidation States Vanadium is a transition metal which has variable oxidation states Vanadate(V) ions can be reduced to oxidised vanadium species with the o...
Redox Titrations Redox Titrations Iron has variable oxidation states and this characteristic can be exploited in redox titrations of Fe2+?with MnO4-?or Cr2O72- Both the manganate(VII) ion an...
Ligand Substitution Experiments Ligand Substitution Experiments The factors that affect the colour formed for different transition metal ion solutions are: type of ligand change in oxidation...
Testing Period 3 Oxides Forming Period 3 Oxides Period 3 elements from sodium to sulfur react with oxygen, forming an oxide with the period 3 element in its highest possible oxidation state ...
Making Buffers Buffers can be made by a?direct?or?indirect?method The?direct?method involves measuring out the exact quantities needed of a solution of a weak acid and its salt The?indirect?...
Titration Curves Titration or pH curves are obtained by reacting known concentrations of acid with alkalis and measuring the pH during the neutralisation A suitable selection to use would be...
Finding Ka The?Ka?of a weak acid may be determined by finding the pH at the half equivalence point At the half equivalence point?Ka?= [H+] Key steps in the procedure A pH probe or meter is c...
Making Simple Cells Simple cells can be used to investigate the effect of different electrode combinations on the EMF produced by an electrochemical cell Key steps in the procedure The metal...
Determination of Kc The determination of an equilibrium constant can be carried out in a school laboratory using an esterification reaction between ethanol and ethanoic acid in the presence ...
Iodine Clock Reaction Clock reactions are so called because they show a sharp dramatic colour change after a period of time has elapsed They make ideal reactions for studying kinetics Iodine...
Entropy of Vaporisation The entropy change when water boils can be measured using a kettle and a top pan balance At the boiling point, liquid water and water vapour exist in equilibrium so t...
Required Practical 9 Required Practical 9: Investigating pH changes The experimental set up for measuring pH changes in titrations Steps in the procedure Measure out 50 cm3?of 1.0 mol...
