Bonding in Alkenes Each carbon atom has four electrons in its outer shell (electronic configuration: 1s22s22p2) Carbon atoms share these four electrons in four covalent bonds with other atom...
Describing Alkenes All alkenes contain a?double carbon bond, which is shown as two lines between two of the carbon atoms i.e. C=C All alkenes contain a double carbon bond, which is the funct...
Free Radical Substitution of Alkanes Alkanes can undergo?free-radical substitution?in which a hydrogen atom gets?substituted?by a halogen (chlorine / bromine) Since alkanes are very unreacti...
Catalytic Converters To reduce the amount of pollutants released in car exhaust fumes, many cars are now fitted with?catalytic converters Precious metals (such as platinum) are coated on a h...
Causes & Effects of Pollution Alkanes are?combusted?(burnt) on a large scale for their use as fuels Complete combustion When alkanes are burnt in?excess?(plenty of) oxygen,?complete comb...
Alkane Fuels Alkanes are obtained from the?fractional distillation?and?cracking?of crude oil Fractional distillation of crude oil Crude oil is a?mixture?of hydrocarbons containing?alkanes,?c...
Describing Alkanes Hydrocarbons?are compounds containing hydrogen and carbon only There are four families of hydrocarbons you should know:?alkanes, alkenes, alkynes?and?arenes Alkanes, alken...
E/Z Isomerism Stereoisomers?are compounds that have the same atoms connected to each other, however the atoms are differently arranged in space Geometrical (E/Z) isomerism Geometrical isomer...
Structural Isomerism Structural isomers?are compounds that have the same?molecular?formula but different?structural?formulae E.g. propene and cyclopropane Both propene and cyclopropane are m...
