Quaternary Ammonium Salts Quaternary ammonium salts?are chemical analogues to ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, in which the hydrogens have been replaced by four alkyl groups They are very useful in...
Nucleophilic Addition–Elimination An important class of reactions that ammonia and amines undergo is?nucleophilic substitution?with acyl chlorides (or acid chlorides) and acid anhydrides The...
Nucleophilic Substitution The lone pair on the nitrogen atom in amines makes them good?nucleophiles, just like ammonia When ammonia reacts with a haloalkane a nucleophilic substitution react...
Basic Properties The nitrogen atom in ammonia and amine molecules can?accept?a?proton?(H+?ion) They can therefore act as?bases?in aqueous solutions by?donating?its lone pair of electrons to ...
Friedel–Crafts Acylation Arenes are very stable compounds due to the?delocalisation of π electrons?in the ring This is because the negative charge is spread out over the molecule instead of ...
Nitration The?electrophilic substitution?reaction in arenes consists of?three steps: Generation of an?electrophile Electrophilic attack Regenerating?aromaticity Mechanism of electroph...
Manufacture of Aspirin Manufacture of Aspirin Acylation reactions have many uses, such as in the pharmaceutical and textile industries for making drugs, e.g. aspirin, and textiles, e.g. cell...
Acyl Groups Acyl groups Acyl groups can be built into many molecules using acyl chlorides or acid anhydrides (known as acylating agents) Acyl chlorides are?derivatives of carboxylic acids?by...
Ester Hydrolysis Hydrolysis of Esters - Acid The reverse of the esterification reaction is called?hydrolysis Ester hydrolysis is a useful reaction for creating biodegradable plastics Esters ...
