Hybrid Orbitals Hybridisation The ground state of the electrons in a carbon atom is 1s22s22p2 This can be represented using a spin diagram as shown: Orbital spin diagram for carbon in the ground st...
Ozone Revisited We have seen previously that ozone is a molecule with two resonance structures leading to a resonance hybrid The two Lewis resonance structures for ozone The central oxygen atom has...
Delocalisation & Resonance The delocalisation of electrons can explain the structures of some species that don’t seem to fit with a Lewis structure Delocalised electrons are electrons in a mole...
Formal Charge A limitation of the model of covalent bonding is that when drawing Lewis structures for molecules, it is sometimes possible to come up with more than one structure while still obeying...
Further VSEPR Theory Revisiting Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR) When an atom forms a covalent bond with another atom, the electrons in the different bonds and the non-bonding e...
Octet Rule Exceptions Incomplete octets We have seen previously that for elements below atomic number 20 the?octet rule?states that the atoms try to achieve 8 electrons in their valence shells, so ...
Sigma Bonds Bond overlap in covalent bonds A single?covalent?bond?is formed when two nonmetals combine Each atom that combines has an?atomic?orbital?containing a single unpaired electron When a cov...
Factors Affecting Colour The size of the splitting energy ΔE?in the d-orbitals is influenced by the following four factors: The size and type of ligands The nuclear charge and identity of the metal...
Crystal Field Theory Perception of colour Most transition metal compounds appear coloured. This is because they absorb energy corresponding to certain parts of the visible?electromagnetic spectrum ...
關(guān)于大學(xué)排名信息不實早已不是鮮見的新聞，每一次各大世界大學(xué)排行榜一發(fā)布，總是會引發(fā)各路人士激烈的討論。有人樂于分享自己學(xué)校的好成績，也有人怒于聲討和質(zhì)疑排名的準(zhǔn)確性。那這五花八門的各大排行榜單中，...
Catalytic Properties Transition metals are often used as?catalysts?in the elemental form or as compounds The ability of transition metals to form more than one stable oxidation state means that the...
Complex Ions Transition element ions can form complexes which consist of a?central metal ion?and?ligands A ligand is a molecule or ion that forms a co-ordinate bond with a transition metal by donat...
