Rate: Enzyme Concentration Enzyme concentration affects the rate of reaction The?higher?the?enzyme concentration?in a reaction mixture, the?greater the number of active sites?available and the?grea...
Maths Skill: Calculating pH If the?hydrogen ion?(H+) concentration of a solution is known, the?pH?can be calculated using the equation: pH?=?-log?? [H?] You can find the?‘log’?function on yo...
Rate: pH All enzymes have an?optimum pH?or a pH at which they operate best Enzymes are?denatured?at extremes of pH Hydrogen?and ionic bonds?hold the tertiary structure of the protein (ie. th...
Rate: Temperature Enzymes have a?specific optimum temperature?– the temperature at which they catalyse a reaction at the?maximum rate Lower temperatures?either?prevent?reactions from proceed...
Maths Skill: Using a Tangent to Find Initial Rate of Reaction For linear graphs (i.e. graphs with a straight-line), the gradient is the same throughout This makes it easy to calculate the ra...
Maths Skill: Drawing a Graph for Enzyme Rate Experiments Enzyme rate experiments?are experiments that are carried out to determine the?effect?of?changing?a particular?factor?on the?rate of a...
Required Practical: Measuring Enzyme Activity The?progress?of?enzyme-catalysed reactions?can be investigated by: Measuring the?rate of formation of a product?using catalase Measuring the?rat...
How Enzymes Work The lock-and-key hypothesis Enzymes are?globular proteins This means their?shape?(as well as the shape of the?active site?of an enzyme) is determined by the complex tertiary...
Mode of Enzyme Action Enzymes have an?active site?where?specific substrates bind?forming an?enzyme-substrate complex The?active site?of an enzyme has a?specific shape?to fit a specific subst...
